Textile dyeing is the process of coloring fabrics using chemical substances called dyes. This process can be done in various ways, including immersion dyeing, piece dyeing, and yarn dyeing.

Dyes can be made from natural sources, such as plants and animals, or synthetic sources, which are chemically synthesized. Synthetic dyes are the most commonly used in textile dyeing due to their availability and versatility.

Dyes work by chemically bonding with the fibers in the fabric. This is achieved through a process called dyeing, which involves immersing the fabric in a solution containing the dye and allowing it to penetrate the fibers. The chemistry of the dye and the fabric determine the strength and permanence of the bond.

Some common types of dyes used in textile dyeing include reactive dyes, acid dyes, direct dyes, and disperse dyes. Reactive dyes are the most commonly used for cotton and other cellulosic fibers, while acid dyes are used for silk and wool. Direct dyes are used for dyeing cotton and other cellulosic fibers, while disperse dyes are used for dyeing synthetic fibers like polyester.

Textile dyeing can have significant environmental impacts, including the release of hazardous chemicals and wastewater. Many dyes contain toxic substances that can harm both the environment and human health. To mitigate these concerns, many textile companies are exploring more sustainable and eco-friendly dyeing methods, such as natural dyeing and low-impact dyeing.